What if You Don't Want to Go to Family Reunion

Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Vocabulary: Ecology and environment. Problems of big cities.

Grammer: Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Содержание темы

1. Types of Conditionals.
2. Mixed Conditionals.
3. Other tenses in provisional sentences.
4. The Subjunctive.
5. Present and past reference with 'I wish', 'if only' and 'information technology's (high) time'.
6. Expressing wishes and regrets with 'I wish' and 'if only.
7. 'Would' and 'could' after 'I wish' and 'if only'.
8. 'It'southward (high) time' and 'It'southward (about) time'.
9. Expressing personal preference with 'I'd rather/ I'd sooner'.
10. Expressing preferences about other people's actions.
11. 'I'd rather.

Grammar

Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Type I Настоящее время	If-придаточое прдложение (hypothesis) + Presen Tenses	Future/Imperatie/tin/may/might/must/should + Инфинитив без to
	if + любая форма настоящего времени (Present S., Present Cont. or Present Pert.)
	If you finish piece of work early, we'll go for a walk.
	If the weather is nice, we'll go swimming.
		Действия, которые совершаться в настоящем или будущем времени
	If you accept finished your java, we can pay the beak.
	If yous're ill, see a doctor! If you burn yourself, it hurts.
Type II Не реальные действия для настоящего или будущего	If + Past Simple or Past Continuous	would/could/might + bare infinitive
	If I had money, I would travel circular the world. (simply I don't take money - untrue in the present)
	If I were a bird, I could fly.
		Нереальные, которые не совершатся. Для настоящего или будущего времени.
	If I were you, I would accept an umbrella, (advice)
Type III Не реальные действия для прошедшего времени	If + Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous	would/could/might + have + by participle
	If we hadn't left and so early, nosotros would accept missed the aeroplane.
	If I had been invited, I would have gone to the party.
	If you had told me before about your problems, I would have helped you , but now information technology's besides late.	Нереальные, которые не совершились. Для прошедшего времени.
	If the weather hadn't been so nasty yesterday, nosotros would not have stayed at domicile all day long.

Expressions

Conditionals are commonly introduced past IF; the following expressions tin can be uses in stead of IF: providing,  provided (that), as long as, in case, on condition (that), just for (=without), otherwise, or else, what if, supposing, even if, just if, unless.

two.one If only : This adds emphasis to hypothetical situations. With past events information technology adds a sense of regret. The second office of the sentence is often left out.

If just  I had enough time!

If only  I hadn 't drunk as well much, this wouldn 't take happened!

ii.2 Unless and other alternatives

Unless only if non.  Not all negative IF-sentences tin can be transformed into unless  sentences.

If he wasn 't told  past Jane, he couldn 't accept known .

Unless he was told  by Jane, he couldn 't have known , (tin exist changed)

If Mr Smith doesn 't come up back , he 'II phone  yous. (cannot be inverse)

If ane state of affairs depends on another, information technology tin be replaced by as/so long as, provided  or just if .

two.3 Only if combines with other time expressions and is used with past simple

Only after posting the letter did  I think that I had forgotten to put on a postage. (inversion)

I'll do  what you say provided the constabulary are not  informed.

two.4 Even if describes how something will happen whatever the condition.

Even if it rains , we'll still go  for a picnic.

ii.5 But for him , I wouldn't have been able to survive. (If he hadn't helped me…)

2.6 Supposing it rains, will you still go for a picnic?

2.7 What if  it rains,  volition you become for a walk?

ii.8 We  can omit "if", when should, were and  had come before the subject area.

Should, come , tell him to wait for me.

Were you lot, I would speak to her. known , he would have told us.

4. Other tenses in conditional sentences

four.1 Going to Going to  tin can supercede will.

If you fall, you  're going to  hurt yourself.

If you  're going to  make trouble, nosotros 'II call the law.

4.2 Nowadays perfect This tin exist used to accent completion after if.

If you lot' ve finished , so nosotros'll go. It is also possible in both parts of the sentence.

If I've  told you  once, I've told  you a hundred times!

four.3 Doubt and uncertainty

An additional not  can exist added in formal expressions involving doubt. This emphasizes the uncertainty and does non add a negative significant.

I wouldn 't exist surprised if it didn 't rain.  (I call up it will pelting.)

4.4 Should

if,  this makes the possibility of an event seem unlikely.

If you should  see Ann, could  y'all ask her to call me?

This implies that I do not expect you to see Ann.

four.5 Were to This also makes an upshot seem more than hypothetical.

If I were to ask  you to ally me, what would you say?

4.six Happen to

This emphasizes run a risk possibilities. It is often used with should.

If you  happen to  run across Helen, could you enquire her to call me?

If you  should happen to be passing,  drop in for a cup of tea.

4.7 If it were not for/If it hadn 't been for

This describes how ane event depends on some other.

If information technology  weren  't for Jim, this company would be in a mess.

If information technology  hadn 't  been for  their goalkeeper, United would accept lost.

4.8 Volition and would :  politeness and accent These tin can be used as polite forms.

If you  will/would wait  here, I'll meet if Mrs Green is free.

Will  can also be used for emphasis, significant 'insist on doing'.

If you will stay out late, no wonder you are tired! (insist on staying)

four.9 If and adjectives

In expressions such equally if it is necessary/possible  it is possible to omit the verb be. If interested,  apply inside.  If necessary,  have a taxi.

4.ten  Formally if tin hateful although ,  usually as if + adjective.

The room was well-furnished, if a picayune  badly busy.

5.1 Subjunctive sentences: SUBJECT + VERB + THAT + SUBJECT +  INF. without to

  John's mother insisted that he  return  abode early.

five.2. Subjunctive  обозначает особую группу глагольных временных форм (типа pres . — be ; past  — were for all persons  — для глагола to exist  или infinitive without to  — для других глаголов), используемых для описания событий, которые вряд ли когда-либо будут иметь место, но которые являются предметом наших надежд, мечтаний, желаний.

v.iii The Present Subjunctive

The Present Subjunctive is used after
Verbs	Impersonal expressions
Indicating that 1 person wants some other one to do something
Advise, social club, demand, enquire, crave, recommend, command, propose, insist, suggest	Information technology is  necessary, of import, proposed, recommended, suggested
He suggested that she go  in that location. He suggested that they should get there.	It is suggested that she become  there

5.4 Annotation the difference:

British variant:  I insist that you should leave  without her.

   It is recommended that you should publish  your book.

American variant:   I insist that yous leave  without her.

   It is recommended that you publish  your book

5.v The By Subjunctive  prefers to use were  instead of was.

She behaves as if she were  / was a queen.

I wish it were true

vi. Present and past reference with 'I wish', 'if only' and 'it's (loftier) time'

(I) wish, if only. it's (high) fourth dimension and information technology's (about) time,  we 'go i tense back':

ane The by tense refers to the nowadays: I wish I had  a meliorate watch!  (At present)

2 The past perfect tense refers to the past: If only y'all had asked  me first!  (THEN)

7. Expressing wishes and regrets with 'I wish' and 'if merely

vii.ane We often apply I wish  for things that might (still) happen:

I wish I knew  the answer!  (= it'southward possible I might discover out the reply)

If but  is stronger. We utilize it to limited regret for things that can (now) never happen:

If just your female parent were  alive now!  (Of course, / wish  is as well possible.)

7.2 We may use the uncomplicated past of exist  after wish  and if only

I wish I was  on vacation now.  If only Tessa was  here now!

If we want to be more than formal, we employ were  in all persons

I wish I were  on holiday now.  If but Tessa were  here!

seven.3 We may apply the past perfect of exist  for things that can never happen:

I wish I had been  on vacation final week.  If only Tessa had been  hither yesterday!

7.iv Nosotros apply the past or by perfect forms of other verbs:

I wish I knew  the answer to your question.

I wish I had known  then what I know now!

viii. 'Would' and 'could' after 'I wish' and 'if but'

Nosotros must use could,  non would,  later on /and we.  Compare:

I can't swim.                           → I wish I could  swim.

We weren't together!              → I wish nosotros could have been together

We sometimes utilize / wish you (he. she.  etc.) would(n't)  like an imperative:

(I am making a lot of noise!)  → I wish you wouldn't make so much noise!

(He is making a lot of dissonance!)  → I wish he would be  quiet!

9. 'It'south (high) time' and 'It's (nigh) time'

We use It's fourth dimension, It'due south loftier time  and it'south about fourth dimension  to limited present or future wishes, or to express our impatience almost things that oasis't happened withal:

Kim tin can't even boil an egg. - I know.

It'due south time/high time/about fourth dimension she learnt to melt!

10. Expressing personal preference with 'I'd rather/ I'd sooner'

We use would rather and would sooner to express preference.

We can refer to the present or the future:

I'd rather/I'd sooner be a builder than an architect.

Or we tin refer to the past:

If I could choose again, I'd rather/sooner have been  a builder than an architect.

11. Expressing preferences well-nigh other people'south actions

11.one We tin refer to other people after I'd rather or I'd sooner.

I'd rather go out  on an earlier train.  (= I'1000 referring to myself)

I'd rather Jack left on an earlier train. ( I want him to leave)

11.2 We employ the past tense form later I'd rather to  refer to the present or future.

I'd rather be  happy.  I'd rather not sit next to her. (=  for myself)

I'd rather she were/was  happy. (= at present)

I'd rather she didn't sit  next to me. (= now)

11.3 Nosotros use the past perfect course afterwards I'd rather to  refer to past time.

I'd rather have been  present. (=  then - I'k referring to myself)

I'd rather y'all had been  present,  (then)

I'd rather yous hadn't told me  about it.  (then)

12. 'I'd rather he didn't'

Nosotros generally omit the main part of the verb in short responses:

12.ane negative responses:

Frank is going to purchase  a motorbike. - I'd rather  he didn't.

I′ve told  everyone about it.   - I'd rather  you hadn't.

12.2 affirmative responses:

Frank won't give up  his present job. - I'd rather  he did.

I haven't told  anyone about information technology. - I'd rather  you lot had.

12.3 We practice not have to echo the main verb in a complete sentence:

You lot e'er go  without me and I'd rather  you didn't.

Vocabulary

Ecology and surroundings. Problems of big cities.

Written report the important vocabulary:

1. The conditions:

Cold atmospheric condition: the chilly days of fall, cold days of winter, frosts, icy roads, sleet rain and snowfall, severe blizzards, snowdrifts, freezing weather, the ground thaws, water ice melts.

Warm/hot conditions: close, stifling, humid, scorching, boiling, mild, heatwave

Moisture weather: damp, drizzle, shower, cascade downward / downpour, storm, thunderstorm, torrential rain, flood; haze/hazy, mist/misty, fog/foggy, smog

Air current: gentle cakewalk, expert wind, blustery day, gale warning, hurricane

2. The Natural World:

Animals: species, reptile, dinosaur, bird, fish, gills, mammal, nest, wing, tail, claws, paw, hoof; Flowers and copse: pollen, leaves, branch, trunk, roots, bark; Names of copse: oak, fir, evergreen pino, birch; Verbs: to flower/flower, extinct, hide, thrive, selection flowers, constitute, fertilize, harvest crops.

3. The environs:

Brook, stream, river; hillock, loma, mount; cove, bay, gulf; copse, wood, woods;   puddle, pond, lake; footpath, lane, road

Where land meets sea: coast, shore, beach, estuary, cliff, cape,  peninsula;

Words connected with rivers: source, tributary, waterfall, mouth, valley, gorge; Words connected with mountains:  foot, ridge, peak, elevation, glacier;

4. Ecology bug:

air, river and bounding main pollution; overfishing, the greenhouse consequence, the destruction of the ozone layer, the destruction of the rainforests, battery farming, waste material disposal, rubbish, re-cycling

Nosotros should:  avoid spray cans, exercise organic farming, apply unleaded petrol, recycle paper and canteen banks

Problems: overpopulation, unemployment , famine, ignorance, diseases

Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы

Grammer

one. I finished digging in one-half an hr just I felt as if I ____ for hours.

1. worked
2. had worked
3. work
4. have worked

two. It'south  time nosotros ____ our parents. We ____ them for ____ long fourth dimension.

1. visited, oasis't visited, such
2. take visited, didn't see, so
3. had visited, hadn't seen, a very
4. visited, haven't seen, such a

3. If I had known that he needed money, I ____ him some. I had ____ dollars to spare.

1. would have borrowed, some
2. might give, few
3. would give, a little
4. would have lent, a few

4. His gesture ____ impatience. He looked as if he ____ for hours.

1. indicated, is waiting
2. offered, had waited
3. suggested, had been waiting
4. showed, waited

5. He had written his address down the last morning, she remembered, and said that if she ____ to Paris he ____ happy to see her again.

1. had always come up, will feel
2. comes, will be
3. would come up, may be
4. e'er came, would be

6. Minnie had a gift for mathematics and probably could get ____ teaching in the department if she ____ it upon graduation.

1. a chore, wanted
2. work, will have wanted
3. job, wished
4. a position, wants

7. He stood strong and impotent with anger. She stared into the mirror as if he ____.

1. doesn't exist
2. didn't exist
3. hadn't existed
4.  won't exist

8. If simply we ____ a telephone! I'm tired of queueing exterior the public phone box.

1. had had
2. had
3. have had
4. can have

9. He said that if the war ____ he would have to get out the land at once.

1. breaks out
2. cleaved out
3. broke out
4. will break out

ten. And then he said: "If this human ____, the whole dirty story will come out, and I don't want it ____ ."

1. volition be arrested, come out
2. is arrested, to come up out
3. volition arrest, coming out
4. is being arrested, to come out

11. "There are ____ institutions, of course, merely it's not very piece of cake to get into them unless you ____ influential friends."

1. charitable, haven't got
2. charity's, have got
3. charity, don't have
4. clemency, have

12. "If nothing ____ , said she, effulgent at them, we shall be back in England for ____ Christmas."

1. volition happen, -
2. happened, a
3. happens, -
4. will have happened, the

13. At ____ dawn she looked weak and stake, equally though she ____ upwardly all dark.

1. - , had been
2. the, were
3. a, was
4. - , has been

fourteen. They all acted as if they ____ at a family reunion, equally if they ____ each other in years.

1. had been, didn't see
2. were, hadn't seen
3. were, haven't seen
4. have been, hadn't seen

15. I realized that if they ____ their heads, they ____ my pale face looking at them over the pile of suitcases.

1. had turned, tin can see
2. turned, would be able to see
3. volition plow, will see
4. have turned, would see

16. "I have some work that ____ be finished earlier I ____ on my holiday."

1. would, will become away
2. ought, am away
3. should, will get away
4. must, get abroad

17. If Martin ____ her ____ that manner he ____ have taken offence.

1. hears, speaking, can
2. had heard, speak, would
3. heard, to speak, might
4. had heard, speak, must

xviii. They took intendance of her as though they ____ her parents.

1. are
2. were
3. had been
4. have been

19. I ____ to help if I ____ I would be any use.

1. would propose, thought
2. will advise, could have thought
3. might suggest, could remember
4. would offer, thought

20. It was long ____ I had concluding seen her and if someone had not mentioned her proper noun I ____ her.

1. since, mustn't have recognized
2. from, shouldn't recognize
3. since, wouldn't accept recognized
4. while, couldn't have recognized

21. It's loftier time yous ____ in ____ bed too, my child.

1. are, -
2. must be, the
3. were, -
4. should be, a

22. If I hadn't been in that location something very unpleasant ____ to him.

1. could happen
2. might take happened
3. was to happen
4. must accept happened

23. If he ____ at once he might take saved the states a lot of trouble.

1. were sent for
2. is sent for
3. had been sent for
4. will exist sent for

24. I could non imagine ____ wishing to spend three months there; unless information technology ____ somebody who wanted to hibernate.

1. none, was
2. someone, was not
3. people, were non
4. anyone, was

25. He looked at me as if he ____ what they had on their minds.

1. is wondering
2. has been wondering
3. were wondering
4. had been wondered

26. I wished that Thomas ____ me at that place.

1. has not brought
2. had not brought
3. does not bring
4. was not brought

27. "But we ____ in conference for two hours," he said. "It'southward high fourth dimension ____ a tea pause."

1. are, having had
2. were, nosotros take
3. take been being, to have
4. take been, we had

28. If John ____ to run into a dentist, let him ____ toothache.

1. is refusing, to suffer
2. refuses, suffer
3. refused, suffering
4. volition refuse, suffering

29. "Y'all had meliorate ____ home. You're likely to get into problem if you ____ hither."

1. get, stay
2. to get, have stayed
3. hurry, will stay
4. to hurry, are staying

xxx. If we ____ waterproof coats it ____ pleasant enough to drive in that spring pelting.

1. had had, would accept been
2. have had, would be
3. shall have, is
4. are having, will be

31. He wondered a little ruefully simply what Dad ____ if he ____ almost his relations with Jan.

1. would say, knew
2. might say, had known
3. would have said, learns
4. should say, has learned

32. And and then he saw that Doreen ____ , and he felt equally though someone ____ him in the tummy.

1. was crying, has kicked
2. had been cried, kicked
3. had been crying, had kicked
4. cried, had been kicked

33. She scarcely seemed ____ what they were saying. It was every bit though information technology ____ her.

1. hearing, did not business concern
2. to hear, did not business organisation
3. listening, was non concerning
4. to understand, had not concerned

34. She remembered as though it ____ but yesterday the showtime time she ____ them.

1. were, was meeting
2. was, has met
3. has been, met
4. had been, had met

1) will be, are ... discussing

ii) were, were ... discussing

three) has been, would ... discuss

4) was, will... discuss

36. If you    away with him, go at once, but don't enquire me   him.

1) will go, to meet

2) volition exist going, to take met

three) are going, to encounter

iv) have gone, to be coming together

37. I'm not a poet. But if I   poems I   dedicate them to you.

i) would, will

2) can, shall

3) could, would

4) tin, would

38. If I   you lot so, what   you have done?

1) didn't help, would

2) hadn't helped, would

iii) didn't, will

4) haven't helped, will

39. I wish I       poet to describe it to you.

1) were, a

2) am, a

3) had been, the

four) was, the

40. I'm tired. It'due south high fourth dimension you lot   and me in peace.

1) go, exit

2) have gone, take left

3) would have gone, leave

4) went, left

41. Why  that pie final nighttime? I wish I   that pie final night.

1) did I eat, had eaten

two) did I swallow, hadn't eaten

3) take I eaten, hadn't eaten

iv) did I eat, didn't eat

42. If she   he was going to exist angry almost it, she   that.

one) knew, won't do

2) knows, wouldn't practise

3) had known, wouldn't have washed

iv) would know, have washed

43. Y'all wouldn't be and so tired today if y'all   to bed when I told yous to. Something should be washed to help you lot.

44. If you     your medicine yesterday, y'all   today.

one) had taken, would exist well

2) took, would be meliorate

3) take, volition exist good

iv) have taken, would have been well

45. If he   such bad writing, I   these letters.

one) didn't take, tin can have read

2) didn't have, could read

iii) hadn't had, can read

4) didn't take, could have read

46. Why didn't I ask her out? If only I   her out! Everything   .

one) ask, will change

ii) asked, would change

3) had asked, would take changed

iv) would ask, had changed

47. If I    overseas instead of him, I   something and   somebody.

1) would go, earnt, were

2) would have gone, have learnt, been

3) had gone, might have learnt, been

iv) went, may learn, exist

48. If she   with him at this moment, the uncertainty and loneliness   evaporate. But he was lone.

ane) was, will

ii) were, would

3) have been, would

4) had been, would have

52. I shall go in that location provided you   to accompany me. Information technology'due south high time you ____  rything.

ane) would consent, are knowing

2) volition consent, have known

3) would take consented, know

four) consent, knew

53. If he   your remark, he     offence. And what'southward more, I've just told you that talking mends no holes.

1) had heard, would take

2) heard, would accept

3) have heard, would have taken

4) had heard, would have taken

54. He speaks as if he   the subject very well.

1) had known

2) is knowing

3) has known

four) knew

1) were, would have checked

two) were, would check

3) am, will check

four) had been, would check

56. If I a spare ticket tonight I  you to the concert.

1) volition take, will take

2) had, would accept

3) will have had, can take

4) had had, could take

57. If the snake bite   poisonous, yous   very bad at present.

1) was, will feel

2) had been, are feeling

3) were, would have felt

four) had been, would feel

58. If she      some lessons, she   her performance.

i) tin have, might improve

ii) could have, might improve

3) could have had, may meliorate

4) could take, might to improve

1) will turn away, being

2) volition be turning from, have been

3) turn down, be

4) have turned against, to be

one) If had he been, would have accompanied, might not take place

two) Had he been, would have accompanied, might not accept taken place

3) Had he been, would accompany, might non have taken place

4) If he had been, would accompany, might not take identify

61. If they   hither, I   so glad, equally they  everything to me.

1) would be, were, would explain

two) were, should be, explained

three) would be, were, explained

4) were, should be, would explicate

62. If that you   he  very glad.

i) I had told him, would come up, would have been

ii) had I told him, would come, had been

3) I told him, would have come, would have been

four) I should tell him, would come up, had been

63. If you us and so, all the differences might .

64. If yous Dr. Smith before, you ill now.

one) consult, volition exist

2) didn't consult, tin be

3) had consulted, wouldn't be

iv) have consulted, won't be

65. If nosotros the question at that meeting, our demands .

1) had raised, would have been met

ii) raised, would come across

3) ascent, would exist met

4) accept raised, won't exist met

66. If it dark, we our way.

one) is, would have lost

2) hadn' t been, might not have lost

3) wasn't, can have lost

4) were, will lose

67. I wish y'all rude remarks about me.

ii) are not making

iii) wouldn't make

iv) hadn't made

68. He looked at his sis as if he annihilation like her.

1) didn't always seen

two) has never seen

three) can't run across

4) had never seen

69. The exams . Information technology's time we down to work.

1) are coming, got

2) come, get

3) will come, are getting

four) have come, are

seventy. I wish more people in the office your sense of humor, Jack.

one) have

2) can take

3) will take

4) had

Vocabulary

1. Find the right word.

1. During the storm, the climbers sheltered in a cave/cliff/valley.
2. The fields were flooded after the river burst its banks/edges/sides.
3. In the heart of the square there is an quondam fountain/source/tap.
4. After the pelting the street was full of floods/lakes/puddles.
5. A pocket-size river/stream/torrent  runs across the bottom of our garden.
6. Yous must bear a lot of water when y'all cross the desert/plain/sand.
7. From the meridian/pinnacle/superlative  of the hill you can meet the sea.
8. It was difficult to swim considering the waters/waves/tides  were so high.
9. I think it's going to rain. It's very overcast/clouding/cloudy.
10.  The church building defenseless burn when it was struck past hurricane/lightning/thunder.

ii. Choose the right variant:

one. Many people are interested in watching............

1) wildlife    two) wilds    3) wilderness

two.The dog.........its tail furiously when it saw the children.

ane) shook    2) wagged    3) moved

3. A large.........of the tree broke off in the storm.

1) trunk    two) bark    3) branch

4. The children enjoyed rolling down the grassy............

1) mountain    2) cliff   3) slope

5. There was field after field of aureate..........waving in the wind.

1) corn    2) bushes    three) herbs

6. You have to sleep nether a net to avoid being bitten by...........

1) lobsters   2) cockroaches    3) mosquitoes

7. Before railways were built, many goods were carried on..........

1) channels    2) canals    3) river.

8. Some wild animals will go.........if they go used to people.

one) tame    2) organised    three) footling

three. Put the right give-and-take in each space:

1. Nosotros collect honey from our own bee.....................
2. There'southward a rabbit....................in the corner of this field.
3. There'southward a drinking....................on the other side of the park.
4. The hill....................was covered in cute wild flowers.
5. What'south the weather condition....................for tomorrow?
6. You tin can see the mountain....................amidst the clouds in the distance.

four. Choose the right respond:

1. In that location has been some other increase/rising  in the amount of criminal offence.
2. The railroad train was in blow/collision  with a bus on a level crossing.
3. Many people were injured when the edifice demolished/collapsed.
4. No ships are sailing today because of the loftier/storm  winds.
5. The government has announced plans to help the poor/poverty.
6. Anybody agrees that the environment/nature  must be protected.
7. At that place are few jobs hither and many people are away from work/unemployed.
8. The driver of the bus admitted that he had done/made  an error.
9. In that location was a big demonstration/manifestation  against nuclear power.

5. Put the right word in each infinite:

1. Nutrient has been sent to areas in Africa suffering from........................
2. Many people live in overcrowded.......................on the edge of the urban center.
3. The toll of.......................has risen steadily this year.
4. Thousands of buildings cruel downwards during a severe........................
5. The eruption of the volcano was a terrible........................
6. Hundreds of people were drowned during the.......................in China.
7. Big cities face the trouble of what to do with household........................
8. Doctors announced that there was at present a cure for the........................

TEXT

Radar

On May 7th, 1915, during the First World War (1914-1918), a large British passenger ship, the Lusitania, was sailing in perfect weather from America to England, with two thousand people on lath. Suddenly, at virtually half past two in the afternoon, there were 2 fearful explosions. The ship shook from end to end, and many people were thrown off their feet. A German submarine had fired at the Lusitania and blown two holes in her lesser. The sea rushed into her engine-rooms, and near immediately the send began to sink.

She sank in simply twenty minutes; and most one thousand people lost their lives.

The captain could not see the submarine that attacked his ship, and he had no instrument to show him the danger. Now the danger of surprise attacks against ships and collisions with icebergs is profoundly reduced by radar. This radio instrument finds the position and distance of objects which the homo middle may not be able to see; it too records the direction and speed of moving objects, such as ships and aeroplanes. Radar can pick out objects more than than a hundred miles away in the worst weather atmospheric condition, when we tin can run into perhaps no farther than a hundred yards.

Radar works in this mode. Powerful transmitters send out a stream of radio-waves, called "pulses", at the rate of mayhap thousand every second. These pulses shoot through the air at a speed of one hundred and eighty-six g miles a second till they hit an object, perhaps a ship, an aeroplane, an iceberg or a hill. These pulses cannot get through the object; and then they immediately shoot back at the aforementioned speed, in the reverse direction, and hit the aeriform of the radar. The moment this happens, a spot or line of light appears on the radar screen, showing the position and distance of the object.

Today radar is used for many peaceful purposes all over the world. Mod ships of all nations acquit radar to help them sheet in bad weather condition, when it is possible to see for a distance of peradventure just a few hundred yards. In the past, the captain usually had to anchor his send at such times and wait for conditions to improve. But today a ship with radar can sail in almost any atmospheric condition conditions, with no danger of an blow.

Radar also helps to guide aeroplanes across the globe. Radio signals called beams are transmitted into the sky from state radio stations at a number of points along their form. The pilots can hear these signals on their radio and see them on their radar screen. The beams arg similar sign-posts in the sky. A airplane pilot guides his airplane towards ane beam, and so flies on to the next axle. At the terminate of his journey, he will state his aeroplane with the assist of radar.

Trained men at the airport sentinel the aeroplane on their radar screen and tell the airplane pilot past radio the grade to follow, they tell him when and by how much to reduce meridian, and give whatever other orders that may be necessary.

(Word count 539)

Answer the questions to text

ane. The Lusitania was wrecked considering

one) she was overloaded with two grand people aboard

two) of the fearful explosion of some substance she carried on board

3) she got sudden gaps in her bottom

4) she carried out armed services operations during the Get-go World State of war

2. Which of the following observations reflects the main thought of the text best of all?

i) Radar is one of the vitally of import discoveries of the 20th century

2) Radar could have prevented the catastrophy of the Lusitania

3) To exist able to use radar 1 should know in detail how information technology works

four) Radar is widely used in aviation and sailing

3. Radar is very helpful in

1) forecasting weather condition weather condition.

2) hit various objects, such as ships, aeroplanes, icebergs, hills.

3) recording the direction and speed of moving objects over a hundred miles abroad.

4) sending out radio-waves to transmit information.

4. Which of the post-obit statements is non true?

one) At present the danger of surprise attacks against ships is eliminated by radar.

ii) Earlier the invention of radar sailing must have taken a longer time than now.

iii) Ships all over the world began to carry radar not before the invention of the

radio.

four) Radar is used for spotting distant objects.

v. It follows from the text that

one) the passengers of the Lusitania died in the accident.

2) radar is used only in bad weather condition weather condition, when nosotros tin can meet perhaps no

farther than a hundred yards.

three) the radar effect would exist impossible if the pulses were not reflected by the

target objects.

4) anyone tin can guide aeroplanes with the assistance of radar.

Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы

ТЕСТ

I. Выберите единственный правильный вариант из предложенных для заполнения пропуска.

i. The chairman proposed that the affair  _____  at the adjacent coming together.

ane) exist decided

ii) should make up one's mind

iii) to be decided

iv) will be decided

2. If you  _____  this book y'all  _____  to replace it.

1) will lose, will take

ii) lose, will have

3) had lost, must

4) will lose, volition need

iii. We insist that a meeting _____ equally soon as possible.

1) to exist held

2) should be held

3) will be held

4) to agree

4. If Alison ____ another half hour's work, she ____ it by the time the children become home.

one) has done; finished

two) would do; would accept finished

3) does; will have finished

4) did; finishes

five. If you  _____  more than than 10 books nosotros  _____  the cost of each book past x%.

1) buy, will reduce

2) will purchase, reduce

3) volition buy, volition reduce

iv) have bought, reduced

6. Alison was very surprised and recommended that we ____ all the papers carefully.

1) volition check

2) are checking

3) might cheque

4) should check

vii. If I ____ a pay rise, I'm going to buy a new car.

i) will become

ii) got

3) get

four) would become

8. Mary-Ann recommended that I _____ careful, and warned non to open the door without asking who it was.

i) need to be

ii) was to be

3) will be

4) exist

ix. I was a trifle taken ashamed, for my cousin spoke as though he _____ me before and I was agape my friends would think and so.

1) never saw

2) has been seen

3) would take never seen

4) had never seen

ten. Henry took her hand and said, looking in her eyes: "I'd rather you ____ anyone most  our conversation."

1) tell

2) won't tell

iii) didn't tell

4) don't tell

11. I wish y'all ____ me earlier that you lot can't come up to dinner this evening.

ane) tell

2) told

three) had told

4) had been told

12. The children rose  _____  later on the poor meal, as if they  _____  at all.

1) hungry, did not eat

2) hungrily, had not eaten

3) feeling hungry, accept not eaten

4) hungry, had not eaten

xiii. "It's loftier time you ____ to look after yourself," Alison demanded.

one) learned

2) larn

3) had learned

4) take learned

fourteen. It's time that squad ____ a lucifer. They haven't won a match for ages.

ane) has won

2) wins

3) won

4) will win

15. I was as awkward and shy with her every bit if I  _____  poor Henry.

1) had wounded

ii) wounded

3) were wounded

4) had been wounded

Рекомендуемая литература

1. English Grammat in Utilize, Raymond Irish potato, Cambridge University Press, 1997

(pp 74-81)

1. Avant-garde Grammer in Employ, Martin Hewings, Cambridge University Press, 2000

( рр  198-207)

1. Tests, Texts and Topics for your English Exams, Ю . Б . Кузьменкова , Издательство " Титул », 2002 (pp 55-57)
2. The Heinemann English Grammar, Digby Beaumont and Colin Granger, Heintmann, 1992 ( рр  111-120)
3. Revising, Reading and Reasoning for your English language Exams, Ю . Б . Кузьменкова , А . Р . Жаворонкова , И . В . Извольская , Издательство " Титул », 2002 (pp 71-76)

Гости не могут комментировать

lyonsprisses1972.blogspot.com

Source: https://englishon.ru/grammatika/266-conditionals-if-sentences-the-subjunctive.html